General Principles

Infancy and Childhood

• Normal growth and development

Adolescence

• Sexuality; separation from parents/autonomy; physical changes of puberty

Senescence

• Normal physical and mental changes associated with aging

Medical Ethics and Jurisprudence

• Consent and informed consent to treatment
  
• full disclosure, alternate therapies, risks and benefits, life-support, advance directives, health care proxy

• research issues
  
• consent, placebos, conflict of interest, vulnerable populations

• Physician-patient relationship
• truth-telling, confidentiality, privacy, autonomy, public reporting

• birth-related issues
  
• prenatal diagnosis, abortion, maternal-fetal conflict

• Death and dying
  
• diagnosing death, organ donation, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide

• palliative care
• hospice, pain management, family counseling, psychosocial and spiritual issues, fear and loneliness

Applied Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology

• Understanding statistical concepts of measurement in medical practice
• Interpretation of the medical literature

Immunologic Disorders

Health and Health Maintenance

• Anaphylaxis and other allergic reactions
• HIV infection/AIDS
• Immunization against infectious agents (including infants, children, adults, the elderly; patients having compromised immune systems)

Mechanisms of Disease

• Abnormalities of cell-mediated immunity
• Abnormalities of humoral immunity

Diagnosis

• Anaphylactic reactions and shock
• Connective tissue disorders
  
• mixed connective tissue disease
• systemic lupus erythematosus
• HIV infection/AIDS; deficiencies of cell-mediated immunity
• Deficiencies of humoral immunity; combined immune deficiency

Principles of Management
(With emphasis on topics covered in Diagnosis)

• Pharmacotherapy only
• Management decision (treatment/diagnosis steps)
• Treatment only

Diseases of the Blood and Blood-forming Organs

Health and Health Maintenance

• Anemia (iron deficiency, vitamin-related, drug-induced, sickle cell)
• Infection (systemic)

Mechanisms of Disease

• Red cell disorders
• Coagulation disorders
• White cell disorders, including leukopenia, agranulocytosis, and neoplasms

Diagnosis

• Anemia, disorders of red cells, hemoglobin, and iron metabolism
  
• blood loss;
  
• iron deficiency anemia, nutritional deficiencies;
  
• pernicious anemia, other megaloblastic anemias;
  
• hemolytic anemia;
  
• anemia associated with chronic disease;
  
• aplastic anemia, pancytopenia;
  
• thalassemia;
  
• sickle cell disease;
  
• polycythemia vera;
  
• hemochromatosis
• Bleeding disorders, coagulopathies, thrombocytopenia
  
• hemophilia, von Willebrand disease;
  
• qualitative and quantitative platelet deficiencies;
  
• disseminated intravascular coagulation;
  
• hypofibrinogenemia;
  
• immune thrombocytopenic purpura;
  
• hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Neoplastic disorders
  
• Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphomas;
  
• acute leukemia in children;
  
• acute leukemia in adults;
  
• chronic leukemic states;
  
• mycosis fungoides;
  
• multiple myeloma
• Eosinophilia and reactions to transfusion of blood components (including complications) and leukopenic disorders, agranulocytosis
• Infection (eg, sepsis, malaria, mononucleosis)

Principles of Management
(With emphasis on topics covered in Diagnosis)

• Pharmacotherapy only
• Management decision (treatment/diagnosis steps)
• Treatment only

Mental Disorders

Health and Health Maintenance

• Early identification and intervention
• suicide potential, depression, alcohol/substance abuse, family involvement in schizophrenia

Mechanisms of Disease

• Biologic markers of mental disorders and mental retardation syndromes
• Intended/unintended effects of therapeutic interventions, including effects of drugs on neurotransmitters

Diagnosis

• Mental disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence
• mental retardation;
  
• communication disorders;
  
• pervasive developmental disorders;
  
• attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder;
  
• disruptive disorders;
  
• tic disorders;
  
• elimination disorders
• Substance-related disorders
  
• alcohol and other substances
• Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
• Mood disorders
  
• bipolar disorders;
  
• major unipolar depressive disorders;
  
• dysthymic disorder;
  
• mood disorder due to a general medical condition;
  
• medication-induced mood disorder
• Anxiety disorders
  
• panic disorder;
  
• phobia;
  
• obsessive-compulsive disorder;
  
• post-traumatic stress disorder;
  
• generalized anxiety disorder;
  
• acute stress disorder;
  
• separation anxiety disorder;
  
• anxiety due to a general medical condition;
  
• substance-induced anxiety disorder
• Somatoform disorders
  
• factitious disorder;
  
• somatization disorder;
  
• pain disorder;
  
• conversion disorder;
  
• hypochondriasis)
• Other disorders/conditions
  
• sexual and gender identity disorders;
  
• personality disorders;
  
• child, spouse, elder abuse;
  
• eating disorders;
  
• adjustment disorders;
  
• dissociative disorders;
  
• psychological factors affecting medical conditions

Principles of Management
(With emphasis on topics covered in Diagnosis)

• Pharmacotherapy only
• Management decision (treatment/diagnosis steps)
• Treatment only

Diseases of the Nervous System and Special Senses

Health and Health Maintenance

• Cerebrovascular disease, cerebral infarction
• Nutritional deficiencies, toxic injuries, and occupational disorders including lead, carbon monoxide, and organophosphate poisoning
• Infection involving the nervous system, eyes, or ears
• Degenerative and demyelinating disorders, including Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis

Mechanisms of Disease

• Localizing anatomy:
• brain and special senses
• brain stem
• spinal cord
• neuromuscular system
• Anatomy of cerebral circulation
• Increased intracranial pressure and altered state of consciousness
• Infection
• Degenerative/developmental and metabolic disorders

Diagnosis

• Disorders of the eye
  
• blindness;
  
• glaucoma;
  
• infection;
  
• papilledema;
  
• optic atrophy;
  
• retinal disorders;
  
• diabetic retinopathy;
  
• diplopia;
  
• cataract;
  
• neoplasms;
  
• vascular disorders;
  
• uveitis;
  
• iridocyclitis;
  
• traumatic, toxic injury; toxoplasmosis
• Disorders of the ear, olfaction, and taste
  
• deafness, hearing loss, otitis, mastoiditis;
  
• vertigo, tinnitus, Meniere disease;
  
• acoustic neuroma;
  
• traumatic, toxic injury
• Disorders of the nervous system:
• paroxysmal disorders
  
• headache;
  
• trigeminal neuralgia;
  
• seizure disorders;
  
• syncope
• cerebrovascular disease
  
• intracerebral hemorrhage;
  
• ischemic disorders;
  
• aneurysm, subarachnoid hemorrhage;
  
• cavernous sinus thrombosis
• traumatic, toxic injury; including lead, carbon monoxide, and organophosphate poisoning
• infections
  
• bacterial, fungal, viral, opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients;
  
• Lyme disease;
  
• abscess;
  
• neurosyphilis;
  
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• neoplasms
  
• primary;
  
• metastatic;
  
• neurofibromatosis
• metabolic disorders
  
• metabolic encephalopathy, vitamin B12 [cobalamin] deficiency, vitamin B1 [thiamine] deficiency;
  
• coma, confusion, delirium, dementia
• degenerative and developmental disorders
  
• Alzheimer disease;
  
• Huntington disease;
  
• parkinsonism;
  
• amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;
  
• Tay-Sachs disease;
  
• multiple sclerosis;
  
• cerebral palsy;
  
• dyslexia
• neuromuscular disorders, gait abnormalities, and disorders relating to the spine and spinal nerve roots
  
• myasthenia gravis;
  
• muscular dystrophy;
  
• peripheral neuropathy;
  
• neck pain;
  
• cervical radiculopathy;
  
• lumbosacral radiculopathy;
  
• spinal stenosis
• sleep disorders
  
• narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnolence, restless legs syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, sleep apnea

Principles of Management
(With emphasis on topics covered in Diagnosis)

• Pharmacotherapy only
• Management decision (treatment/diagnosis steps)
• Treatment only

Cardiovascular Disorders

Health and Health Maintenance

• Arterial hypertension
• Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease; hyperlipidemia
• Prevention of rheumatic heart disease, thromboembolic disease, pulmonary emboli, bacterial endocarditis

Mechanisms of Disease

• Cardiac output, resistance, central venous pressure
• Valvular stenosis, incompetence
• Congenital heart disease
• Regulation of blood pressure
• Disorders of the arteries and veins

Diagnosis

• Dysrhythmias; palpitations, syncope
  
• premature beats;
  
• paroxysmal tachycardias;
  
• atrial flutter and fibrillation;
  
• bradycardias;
  
• ventricular fibrillation;
  
• cardiac arrest)
• Heart failure (congestive, diastolic, systolic dysfunction), dyspnea, fatigue, peripheral edema of cardiac origin
  
• chronic heart failure;
  
• cor pulmonale
• Ischemic heart disease; chest pain of cardiac origin
  
• angina pectoris;
  
• coronary insufficiency;
  
• myocardial infarction
• Diseases of the myocardium
  
• hypertrophic;
  
• myocarditis
• Diseases of the pericardium
  
• acute pericarditis; c
• hronic constrictive pericardiopathy;
  
• pericardial effusion;
  
• pericardial tamponade
• Valvular heart disease
  
• acute rheumatic fever;
  
• mitral and aortic valve disorders;
  
• infective endocarditis
• Congenital cardiovascular disease
  
• patent ductus arteriosus;
  
• atrial septal defect;
  
• ventricular septal defect;
  
• endocardial cushion defect;
  
• tetralogy of Fallot;
  
• coarctation of the aorta
• Systemic hypotension, hypovolemia, cardiogenic shock; cyanosis
• Arterial hypertension
  
• essential;
  
• secondary
• Atherosclerosis - lipoproteins
• Disorders of the great vessels
  
• dissecting aortic aneurysm;
  
• ruptured aneurysm;
  
• aortoiliac disease
• Peripheral arterial vascular diseases, vasculitis
  
• polyarteritis;
  
• temporal arteritis;
  
• arteriovenous fistula
• Diseases of the veins, peripheral edema
  
• varicose veins;
  
• thrombophlebitis;
  
• deep venous thrombosis
• Traumatic injury

Principles of Management
(With emphasis on topics covered in Diagnosis)

• Pharmacotherapy only
• Management decision (treatment/diagnosis steps)
• Treatment only

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Health and Health Maintenance

• Chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, carcinoma of the larynx, carcinoma of the lung; pulmonary aspiration, atelectasis; tuberculosis

Mechanisms of Disease

• Ventilatory dysfunction
  
• obstructive disorders:
  
• asthma,
  
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
  
• cystic fibrosis,
  
• bronchitis,
  
• bronchiectasis,
  
• emphysema
• Respiratory failure, acute and chronic, including oxygenation failure
  
• interstitial pneumonitis,
  
• pulmonary edema,
  
• acute respiratory distress syndrome,
  
• ventilation failure
• Circulatory dysfunction
• Neoplastic disorders

Diagnosis

• Disorders of the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and trachea
  
• rhinitis;
  
• pharyngitis, tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess;
  
• thrush;
  
• sinusitis;
  
• acute laryngotracheitis;
  
• epiglottitis;
  
• carcinoma of the larynx;
  
• laryngeal/pharyngeal obstruction;
  
• trauma;
  
• tracheoesophageal fistula
• Infections of the lung
  
• acute bronchiolitis;
  
• pneumonia;
  
• tuberculosis
• Obstructive airways disease
  
• chronic bronchitis,
  
• bronchiectasis;
  
• asthma,
  
• bronchospasm, wheezing;
  
• emphysema, a1-antitrypsin deficiency;
  
• cystic fibrosis
• Atelectasis, pulmonary aspiration
• Pneumothorax, hemothorax, traumatic injury to the lungs and disorders involving the pleura
  
• pleurisy;
  
• pleural effusion
• Pneumoconiosis, fibrosing or restrictive pulmonary disorders
  
• asbestosis;
  
• silicosis;
  
• sarcoidosis
• Respiratory failure, hypoxia, hypercapnia, dyspnea
  
• respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn;
  
• acute respiratory distress syndrome;
  
• acute and chronic respiratory failure;
  
• drowning
• Pulmonary vascular disorders
  
• pulmonary embolism;
  
• pulmonary hypertension;
  
• pulmonary edema
• Neoplastic disorders of the lungs and pleura
  
• primary tumors;
  
• metastatic tumors

Principles of Management
(With emphasis on topics covered in Diagnosis)

• Pharmacotherapy only
• Management decision (treatment/diagnosis steps)
• Treatment only